What is encompassed within human rights law?

Human rights law fundamentally concerns the inherent rights that every individual possesses simply by being human. This concept is rooted in the belief that these rights are universal, inalienable, and applicable to all people, regardless of nationality, citizenship, or legal status. The framework of human rights law encompasses a wide array of rights, including the right to life, freedom of expression, and protection from torture, among others.

These rights are often codified in international treaties and declarations, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which sets out a common standard for all nations to aspire to. In essence, the distinguishing feature of the correct answer is its emphasis on the universal nature of these rights, which exist independently of any specific legal system or governance structures.

In contrast, the other options focus on rights or privileges that are contingent upon particular circumstances, such as citizenship or state authority. For instance, rights specific to citizens only apply to individuals recognized by a specific country and do not universally extend to all people. Similarly, legal privileges granted by the state are not inherent human rights but are rather benefits that can be modified or rescinded by the state. Economic rights tied to citizenship also suggest an exclusivity that is contrary to the universal application of human rights law, as