How is online dispute resolution (ODR) characterized?

Online dispute resolution (ODR) is characterized as a contemporary method using digital means to resolve disputes. This approach leverages technology, such as the internet and digital platforms, to facilitate conflict resolution between parties without the need for physical presence. ODR can include various methods, such as negotiation via online platforms, mediation conducted through video conferencing, or arbitration with decisions made through digital submissions.

This method is especially significant in today's digital age, as it provides a more accessible, efficient, and cost-effective way to handle disputes. ODR is designed to overcome geographical barriers and can streamline the resolution process, often leading to quicker outcomes than traditional methods.

The other options describe concepts that do not accurately capture the essence of ODR. Traditional arbitration methods, for example, rely on established procedures typically occurring in person, and manual negotiation lacks the digital component that defines ODR. Likewise, ODR is not a legal requirement for all disputes; rather, it is an available option that parties may choose to use based on their circumstances.